ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് ഭാഷ പ്രയോഗിക്കുമ്പോൾ ശ്രദ്ധിക്കേണ്ട അടിസ്ഥാനപരമായ കാര്യങ്ങൾ അറിയാം
Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears
"The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answered it.
ജൂലിയസ് സീസർ കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ടതിന് തൊട്ടുപി ന്നാലെയാണ് ഈ പ്രസംഗം നടക്കുന്നത്. റോമിലെ ജനങ്ങളാം ആകെ പരിഭ്രാന്തിയിലാണ്. സീസർ ഒരു അധികാരമോഹിയായിരുന്നു (Ambitious) എന്നും അതുകൊണ്ടാണ് അദ്ദേഹത്തെ കൊന്നതെന്നും ബ്രൂട്ടസ് ജനങ്ങളെ വിശ്വസിപ്പിച്ചുകഴിഞ്ഞു. ഈ സമയത്താണ് സീസറുടെ സുഹൃത്തായ മാർക്ക് ആന്റണി പ്രസംഗിക്കാൻ വരുന്നത്. ബ്രൂട്ടസിനെ നേരിട്ടെതിർത്താൽ, ജനങ്ങടം ആന്റണിയെയും ആക്രമിക്കും. അതുകൊണ്ട്, വളരെ തന്ത്രപരമായ ഭാഷയാണ് അദ്ദേഹം ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നത്.
"സുഹൃത്തുക്കളേ, റോമക്കാരേ, നാട്ടുകാരേ, എന്റെ വാക്കുകഠക്ക് ദയവായി ചെവിതരൂ"
ജനങ്ങളുടെ ശ്രദ്ധ ആകർഷിക്കാനാണ് അദ്ദേഹം ഇങ്ങനെ തുടങ്ങുന്നത്.
"സീസർ ഒരു അധികാരമോഹിയായിരുന്നു എന്ന് മാന്യനായ ബ്രൂട്ടസ് നിങ്ങളോട് പറഞ്ഞിട്ടു ണ്ടല്ലോ."
ഇവിടെ ആന്റണി ബ്രൂട്ടസിന്റെ വാക്കുകളെ ഉദ്ധ രിക്കുകയാണ് (Reported Speech) എന്ന് കാണാം.
Reported Speech (also known as Indirect Speech) covers the rules for changing direct quotes into reported statements. Direct Speech is when we repeat the exact words someone said, using quotation marks ("..."). Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) is when we report what someone said without using their exact words.
- Direct: Rahul said, "I am busy." Reported: Rahul said that he was busy.
BASIC RULES FOR TRANSFORMATION
Direct speech-ൽനിന്ന് Indirect-ലേക്ക് മാറ്റു സ്പോരം പ്രധാനമായും മൂന്ന് കാര്യങ്ങളിലാണ് മാറ്റം വരുന്നത്: കാലം (Tense), സർവനാമം (Pronoun), സമയം/സ്ഥലം (Time/Place).
Tense Changes (Backshift)
If the reporting verb (said, told) is in the past tense, the tense inside the quotation marks moves one step back.
Pronoun Changes
Pronouns change according to the speaker and the listener. I എന്നത് He/She ആയും We എന്നത് They ആയും മാറുന്നു.
- Direct: She said, "I like my car." Reported: She said that she liked her car.
Changes in Time and Place
സമീപത്തുള്ളവയെ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്ന വാക്കുകരം ദൂരെയുള്ളവയെ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്ന വാക്കുകളായി മാറും.
Now - Then Today - That day Yesterday - The day before/The previous day Tomorrow - The next day/The following day Here - There This - That
REPORTING DIFFERENT SENTENCE TYPES
ASSERTIVE SENTENCES (STATEMENTS)
We use the linker 'that' to connect the reporting verb with the statement.
Direct: Anu said, "I am going to the bank." Reported: Anu said that she was going to the bank.
These sentences state a fact or opinion.
said to>>told Remove quotation marks Change pronouns and tense Use 'that' (can be omitted in spoken English)
- Direct: "The server is down for maintenance," the technician said.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| "I eat" (Simple present) | He said he ate (Simple past) |
| "I am eating" (Present Continuous) | He said he was eating (Past Continuous) |
| "I have eaten" (Present Perfect) | He said he had eaten (Past Perfect) |
| "I ate" (Simple Past) | He said he had eaten (Past Perfect) |
| Will: "I will eat" | Would: "He said he would eat" |
| Can: "I can eat" | Could: "He said he could eat" |
Reported: The technician said that the server was down for maintenance.
Direct: "I have already liked and shared your post," Meera said to me. Reported: Meera told me that she had already liked and shared my post.
Direct: "The new update has some bugs," the developer remarked. Reported: The developer remarked that the new update had some bugs.
Direct: "I am working from home today," Kevin said. Reported: Kevin said that he was working from home that day.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (QUESTIONS)
There are two types of questions:
Yes/No Questions
Linker: if/whether
Direct: "Did you see my latest reel?" the influencer asked. Reported: The influencer asked if I had seen her latest reel.
Direct: "Is the fast-charging cable available?" the customer asked. Reported: The customer asked whether the fast-charging cable was available.
Direct: "Are you joining the Discord server?" Sam asked. Reported: Sam asked if I was joining the Discord server.
Direct: "Have you updated the app yet?" my brother asked. Reported: My brother asked whether I had updated the app yet.
Direct: He asked, "Are you coming?" Reported: He asked if I was coming.
Wh Questions
Use the same question word (who, why, where). ചോദ്യങ്ങളെ റിപ്പോർട്ട്ചെയ്യുമ്പോഴം said എന്നതിന് പകരം asked എന്ന് ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു.
Reporting verb changes to asked/enquired
Direct: "Why did you delete the comment?" she asked. Reported: She asked why I had deleted the comment.
Direct: "Where can I find the podcast link?" he asked. Reported: He asked where he could find the podcast link.
Direct: "Who is the admin of this group?" I asked. Reported: I asked who the admin of that group was.
Direct: "When will the gadget be delivered?" the buyer asked. Reported: The buyer asked when the gadget would be delivered.
Direct (Wh-): "Where do you live?" she asked.
Reported: She asked where I lived.
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
(COMMANDS/REQUESTS)
We use to + verb (infinitive) to report these. Instead of 'said', we use ordered, requested, advised or suggested.
Use to (positive), Use not to (negative) Reporting verbs: ordered, requested, advised, warned, suggested
- Direct: "Please tag me in the photo," Sarah said. Reported: Sarah requested to tag her in the photo.
- Direct: "Don't click on suspicious links," the IT expert warned. Reported: The IT expert warned not to click on suspicious links.
- Direct: "Restart your router immediately," the support agent said. Reported: The support agent ordered to restart the router immediately.
- Direct: "Try using a stronger password," my friend suggested. Reported: My friend suggested to try using a stronger password.
- Direct: The doctor said, "Drink more water" Reported: The doctor advised me to drink more water.
- Direct: The teacher said, "Don't make noise" Reported: The teacher ordered us not to make noise.
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
Express strong emotions Use 'exclaimed with joy'/'sorrow'/'wonder'/'admiration'
- Direct: "Wow! This AI tool is incredible," the student said. Reported: The student exclaimed with wonder that the AI tool was incredible.
- Direct: "Alas! My laptop has crashed," the writer said. Reported: The writer exclaimed with sorrow that his laptop had crashed.
- Direct: "Hurrah! We won the e-sports tournament," the team shouted. Reported: The team exclaimed with joy that they had won the e-sports tournament.
- Direct: "What a stunning profile picture!" he said. Reported: He exclaimed with admiration that it was a very stunning profile picture.
- Direct: "Wow! What a beautiful flower," she said. Reported: She exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful flower.
